Neor Lake, situated in the northwestern region of Iran, is a significant natural attraction located on the border between the Gilan and Ardabil provinces. It lies approximately 48 kilometers (30 miles) southeast of Ardabil city, along the Ardabil to Khalkhal road, at an elevation of about 2,500 meters (8,200 feet) above sea level.

Geography and Geology: The lake emerged during the Eocene geologic period, formed by the activity of the Neor fault and another fault on its western side. It is nestled within the Baghru Heights of the Talish Mountains. Neor Lake is characterized by a cold, mountainous climate with an average annual rainfall of around 400 millimeters (16 inches). The lake is composed of two basins, a smaller and a larger one, which merge during the rainy seasons to form a single body of water. Its average depth is about 3 meters (9.8 feet), with a maximum depth reaching up to 5.5 meters (18 feet). The lake’s surface area can vary seasonally, with a maximum of approximately 220 hectares (540 acres). Heavy siltation has been noted due to high rainfall, irrigation, and erosion from the surrounding slopes.

Ecosystem and Wildlife: Neor Lake is a freshwater lake that provides a suitable habitat for various aquatic species. It is known for being home to rainbow trout, with fingerlings introduced annually for commercial and sports fishing. The fish feed on Gammarus fasciatus found in the lakebed. The surrounding areas boast diverse flora, including aromatic and medicinal plants like clover, chamomile, tulips, thistle, and plantain. The lake and its vicinity also support a variety of fauna, notably migratory birds such as the ruddy shelduck and swallows, contributing to the region’s ecological diversity.

History and Paleoclimate: Geological studies of peat deposits from the lake bed suggest a history dating back at least 6,500 years. Pollen analysis indicates a landscape that has evolved from open steppe to an environment influenced by agro-pastoral activities and proximity to the Hyrcanian Forest. Paleoclimate reconstructions using chironomid and geochemical analyses highlight periods of wetter and drier conditions in the region since the Lateglacial, with significant hydrologic variations.

Tourism and Recreation: Neor Lake is a popular tourist destination, especially during the summer months, attracting nature lovers, photographers, and adventure seekers. Its scenic beauty, with cliffs and native plants, offers spectacular natural landscapes. The lake serves as a starting point for popular hiking, cycling, and safari routes that lead to the charming Sobatan Village. Activities enjoyed by visitors include:

• Fishing: Particularly for rainbow trout, with summer and September being prime times.
• Hiking and Trekking: The route to Soubatan Highlands is a well-loved trail.
• Cycling: The road to Sobatan is a renowned cycling route.
• Picnicking and Camping: The pristine natural setting is ideal for outdoor leisure.
• Photography: The lake’s beauty draws many photographers.
• Horse Riding and Boating: These activities are also popular, though boating usually requires bringing an inflatable boat.

Conservation and Management: Neor Lake is protected under the auspices of Iran’s environmental organization and is considered a significant research center for aquatic studies. Efforts are made to manage the fish population, with rainbow trout being collected before winter and reintroduced in warmer months. However, concerns about water level fluctuations due to precipitation and agricultural use highlight the need for ongoing management and monitoring plans to maintain the lake’s ecological health.