The Country of Mongolia (Монгол Улс)

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia, nestled between Russia to the north and China to the south. It is the world’s 19th largest country by area, but one of the most sparsely populated, known for its vast, untouched landscapes.

• Geography: Mongolia’s diverse geography includes the Gobi Desert in the south, the cold and mountainous regions (like the Altai Mountains and Khangai Mountains) in the north and west, and vast steppes (grasslands) covering much of the central and eastern parts. It’s largely a high plateau with an average elevation of around 1,580 meters (5,180 feet) above sea level. Lake Khövsgöl is one of the largest freshwater lakes.
• Capital: Ulaanbaatar.
• Population: Over 3.5 million (2025 estimate), making it one of the least densely populated countries globally. Approximately 30% of the population remains nomadic or semi-nomadic.
• Official Language: Mongolian (Khalkha Mongolian).
• Religion: Predominantly Tibetan Buddhism, with a history of Shamanism.
• Government: A parliamentary republic.
• History: Mongolia has a profound history, most notably as the heart of the Mongol Empire founded by Genghis Khan in the 13th century. After centuries of decline and then being under Qing (Manchu) Chinese rule, it gained independence in 1921 with Soviet support and became a communist state until 1990, when it transitioned to a democracy.
• Economy: Primarily centered on agriculture (livestock) and mining, with rich mineral resources like copper, coal, gold, and molybdenum.
• Climate: Extreme continental climate with long, very cold winters (January averages can drop to -30°C / -22°F or lower) and short, warm-to-hot summers (average 28°C / 82°F in July). Rainfall is generally low, mostly occurring in the warmer months. Unpredictable harsh winter conditions, known as “Dzud,” can severely impact livestock and wildlife.

Wildlife in Mongolia

Mongolia’s varied ecosystems support a wide array of wildlife, with many species adapted to its harsh, arid, or mountainous environments.

Mammals:

• Iconic Mountain Ungulates:
  • Argali (Marco Polo Sheep): Mongolia is famous for its majestic Argali sheep, including the Altai Argali (the largest wild sheep in the world with massive spiraling horns, found in the Altai Mountains) and Gobi Argali (smaller, found in the Gobi desert ranges). These are highly prized trophies.
  • Siberian Ibex: Also known as Altai Ibex, these large mountain goats with impressive scimitar-shaped horns are common in the rocky mountain ranges. Gobi Ibex are found in the desert regions.
• Other Wild Ungulates:
  • Mongolian Gazelle: Found in vast herds across the eastern steppe, one of the largest populations of migrating ungulates in Asia.
  • Siberian Roe Deer: Common in forest-steppe and forested areas.
  • Red Deer (Maral): Found in the forested and mountain regions.
  • Wild Boar: Abundant in various habitats.
  • Musk Deer: Endangered, known for their valuable musk glands.
• Large Predators:
  • Gray Wolves: Including the Mongolian wolf subspecies, widespread across the country.
  • Brown Bears: Found in forested and mountainous areas (e.g., Siberian brown bear).
  • Snow Leopard: Critically endangered, elusive, inhabiting the high Altai Mountains and other ranges.
  • Pallas’s Cat (Manul): A small, distinctive wild cat of the steppe and mountainous areas.
  • Gobi Bear (Mazaalai): Critically endangered, one of the rarest bears in the world, found only in a small part of the Gobi Desert.
• Other Mammals: Wild Bactrian Camel (critically endangered, found in the Gobi), Przewalski’s Horse (Takhi – national animal, successfully reintroduced to the wild), Siberian Marmot (endangered), various foxes (red fox, corsac fox), badgers, wolverines, and various rodents.

Birds:

Mongolia is on a major migratory flyway and hosts a diverse bird population.

• Birds of Prey: Golden Eagles, Steppe Eagles, Saker Falcons (endangered, subject to illegal trade), various vultures (Cinereous, Himalayan), and hawks.
• Waterfowl: Ducks, geese, cranes (including Siberian Crane – critically endangered, White-naped Crane), swans, and various waders in wetlands and lakes.
• Upland Game Birds: Capercaillie, Black Grouse, Daurian Partridges, Chukar Partridges, Altai Snowcock, and Gobi Sandgrouse.

Endangered Species:

Mongolia’s “Red Book” lists numerous threatened species. Significant conservation efforts are underway for:

• Snow Leopard
• Gobi Bear
• Wild Bactrian Camel
• Przewalski’s Horse (reintroduction success)
• Saker Falcon
• Mongolian Marmot (seriously impacted by overhunting and climate)
• Saiga Antelope (Mongolian subspecies is critically endangered)
• Various crane and bustard species.

Hunting in Mongolia

Mongolia is a world-renowned destination for serious trophy hunters, particularly for its unique mountain sheep and goat species. Hunting is highly regulated and typically quite expensive due to the rarity of the trophies and the logistics involved.

Key Regulations and Requirements for Foreign Hunters:

• Permits and Quotas: Hunting is strictly managed by the Mongolian Ministry of Nature and Environment. Permits are highly controlled, with limited annual quotas for prized species like Argali and Ibex. Obtaining these permits requires booking through an authorized Mongolian hunting outfitter, often well in advance (6-12 months or more).
• Authorized Outfitters: Foreign hunters must book their trips through licensed Mongolian hunting outfitters. These companies handle all the complex bureaucratic processes, including permits, firearm import/export, CITES documentation, customs clearance, camp logistics, and provision of experienced local guides and staff.
• Firearms Import: Hunters generally bring their own rifles. Specific import permits are required. Recommended calibers are typically .300 Magnum and higher for large game, with proficiency in long-range shooting (300-500+ yards) often necessary due to the open terrain and wary nature of the animals. Limitations on cartridge quantity (e.g., 30 rounds) may apply. Silencers and fully automatic weapons are prohibited.
• Physical Demands: Hunting in Mongolia, especially for Argali and Ibex in the Altai and Gobi mountains, is physically very demanding. Altitudes can range from 2,500 to 3,500 meters (8,200 to 11,500 feet) or higher. Hunters must be in excellent physical condition, prepared for strenuous hiking, climbing, and cold weather. Acclimatization to altitude is crucial.
• Accommodation: Hunting camps vary but typically consist of traditional Mongolian yurts (gers) or tent camps. These are often basic but provide essential shelter, heating, and meals. Some base camps might have more permanent structures.
• Hunting Methods: The primary method is “spot-and-stalk.” Vehicles (4x4s) are used to cover vast distances to locate game, followed by extensive walking and stalking on foot. Horses may also be used in some areas to access rugged terrain.
• Trophy Care and Export: Outfitters assist with field preparation of trophies (caping, salting) and ensure all necessary documentation (CITES, veterinary certificates) is in order for legal export. The process for trophy delivery can take several months.

Popular Hunted Species and Seasons:

• Altai Argali: The ultimate trophy hunt in Mongolia. Very limited permits, extremely challenging. Season generally runs from October to December.
• Gobi Argali: A smaller but still impressive Argali. Hunted in the Gobi Desert mountains. Season typically August to November.
• Siberian Ibex (Altai Ibex): Highly popular. Hunts take place in the Altai Mountains. Season typically August to March.
• Gobi Ibex: Found in the Gobi desert regions. Season generally August to March.
• Siberian Roe Deer: Hunted in the forest-steppe regions.
• Wild Boar: Abundant, often hunted in forested areas.
• Wolf: Opportunities to hunt wolves are often available, sometimes combined with other hunts.
• Mongolian Gazelle: Hunted in the eastern steppes.
• Upland Birds and Waterfowl: Limited bird hunting opportunities exist, particularly for species like Capercaillie, Black Grouse, and various waterfowl.

Conservation and Ethics:

Mongolia’s approach to trophy hunting for Argali and Ibex is often cited as a model for “conservation through hunting,” where high permit fees (often tens of thousands of dollars) are directly channeled back into conservation programs, anti-poaching efforts, and local community development, providing a strong incentive for habitat and wildlife protection. However, the high value of these species also fuels illegal poaching, which remains a challenge.

For any international hunter, thorough research and engagement with a highly reputable outfitter are essential to ensure a legal, ethical, and successful hunting expedition in Mongolia’s unique wilderness.